40th Flight Test Squadron: Elite Flight Testing


40th Flight Test Squadron: Elite Flight Testing

This Air Pressure unit, a specialised group inside the broader navy construction, is chargeable for evaluating new and modified plane and their related programs. This entails rigorous testing in numerous operational environments to find out capabilities, limitations, and total effectiveness. A typical instance may contain assessing the efficiency of a brand new fighter jet below simulated fight situations.

Such rigorous analysis is crucial for making certain the protection and operational readiness of navy plane. The info collected immediately informs acquisition selections, influences future plane design, and shapes coaching protocols for pilots and upkeep personnel. Traditionally, models of this kind have performed an important function in advancing aerospace expertise and sustaining a nation’s air superiority.

Understanding the function and significance of such a group offers a basis for deeper exploration of matters comparable to plane growth, protection technique, and the technological evolution of air energy.

1. Experimental Plane Testing

Experimental plane testing types a cornerstone of the fortieth Flight Check Squadron’s mission. This course of entails rigorously evaluating novel plane designs and superior applied sciences below real-world situations. It serves as a crucial hyperlink between conceptualization and operational deployment, offering essential knowledge that informs design refinements, validates efficiency capabilities, and in the end determines the suitability of latest plane for navy service. The squadron’s involvement in testing experimental plane, such because the X-planes program traditionally and trendy unmanned aerial programs, demonstrates this dedication. The info generated influences not solely the way forward for navy aviation but additionally contributes developments relevant to civilian aerospace.

The significance of experimental plane testing inside the squadron’s operations can’t be overstated. It permits engineers and take a look at pilots to determine potential design flaws, assess the effectiveness of latest applied sciences, and refine plane efficiency earlier than full-scale manufacturing. As an example, testing may reveal sudden aerodynamic instabilities or limitations in a brand new propulsion system, permitting for needed changes earlier than the plane enters widespread service. This rigorous analysis course of minimizes dangers, maximizes operational effectiveness, and ensures the protection of future pilots. The ensuing knowledge immediately influences useful resource allocation selections, making certain environment friendly funding in promising applied sciences and platforms.

In conclusion, experimental plane testing represents a crucial ingredient inside the fortieth Flight Check Squadrons mission. The meticulous analysis of novel plane designs and cutting-edge applied sciences offers important info for the event and deployment of future airpower. The squadron’s work ensures that new plane should not solely technologically superior but additionally secure, dependable, and operationally efficient, thereby contributing considerably to nationwide safety and the development of aerospace expertise. The challenges inherent in testing experimental platforms additionally drive innovation and steady enchancment inside the flight take a look at neighborhood, shaping the long run panorama of air and area energy.

2. Techniques analysis

Techniques analysis is integral to the fortieth Flight Check Squadron’s mission. This meticulous course of assesses the efficiency and reliability of particular person plane programs and their integration inside the bigger platform. Evaluating programs like avionics, propulsion, and weaponry ensures operational effectiveness and pilot security. Think about the instance of a brand new radar system: rigorous testing determines its detection vary, accuracy, and resistance to digital countermeasures, contributing essential knowledge for operational deployment and potential enhancements. This detailed evaluation influences procurement selections, informs future design iterations, and ensures optimum efficiency below real-world situations. A complete programs analysis offers an important understanding of an plane’s capabilities and limitations, in the end shaping its tactical utility and strategic worth.

Additional emphasizing the connection between programs analysis and the fortieth, think about the event of superior flight management programs. Rigorous testing in simulated and real-world environments identifies potential vulnerabilities, optimizes efficiency parameters, and validates system stability. Such assessments immediately contribute to pilot security, mission success, and the general effectiveness of the plane. As an example, evaluating the response of a flight management system to excessive maneuvers or adversarial climate situations permits for refinement and ensures dependable efficiency below demanding operational eventualities. This course of generates priceless knowledge for engineering groups, shaping future growth and enhancing the capabilities of next-generation plane.

In abstract, programs analysis offers the crucial basis for deploying dependable and efficient plane. The fortieth Flight Check Squadron’s meticulous evaluation of particular person programs and their built-in efficiency immediately influences the way forward for navy aviation. This complete understanding permits for knowledgeable decision-making concerning acquisition, deployment, and ongoing growth. The challenges confronted in evaluating more and more complicated programs drive innovation and necessitate steady enchancment inside the flight take a look at neighborhood, in the end shaping the long run panorama of air energy.

3. Efficiency knowledge evaluation

Efficiency knowledge evaluation is key to the fortieth Flight Check Squadron’s mission. This rigorous course of transforms uncooked knowledge collected throughout flight checks into actionable insights. Analyzing parameters like pace, maneuverability, gasoline effectivity, and sensor efficiency offers a complete understanding of an plane’s capabilities and limitations. This info is essential for validating design specs, figuring out potential areas for enchancment, and informing operational procedures. As an example, analyzing flight take a look at knowledge may reveal an sudden drag coefficient at excessive speeds, prompting additional investigation and potential design modifications. The meticulous evaluation of efficiency knowledge immediately contributes to enhancing plane security, optimizing operational effectiveness, and shaping future growth efforts. This data-driven strategy ensures that deployed plane meet stringent efficiency necessities and contribute successfully to mission success.

The significance of efficiency knowledge evaluation inside the fortieth’s operations is underscored by its direct influence on useful resource allocation and acquisition selections. Analyzing efficiency knowledge towards projected necessities permits for goal assessments of an plane’s suitability for particular missions. For instance, if evaluation reveals that an plane’s vary falls wanting operational wants, this info informs selections concerning potential upgrades or various platforms. This data-driven strategy ensures that investments in new plane applied sciences align with strategic aims and maximize operational worth. Moreover, the insights derived from efficiency knowledge evaluation contribute to refining testing procedures, making certain environment friendly useful resource utilization and maximizing the worth of future flight checks.

In conclusion, efficiency knowledge evaluation offers a vital hyperlink between flight testing and operational deployment. The fortieth Flight Check Squadron’s meticulous evaluation of efficiency knowledge generates essential insights that form plane growth, affect acquisition selections, and optimize operational effectiveness. This data-driven strategy ensures that deployed plane meet stringent efficiency necessities and contribute successfully to mission success, immediately impacting nationwide safety and the way forward for aerospace expertise. Moreover, the challenges inherent in analyzing more and more complicated knowledge units drive innovation inside the flight take a look at neighborhood, shaping the way forward for efficiency analysis methodologies and additional refining the method of plane growth and deployment.

4. Operational Check and Analysis

Operational Check and Analysis (OT&E) is a crucial part of the fortieth Flight Check Squadron’s mission. This rigorous course of assesses the effectiveness and suitability of latest plane and programs below real looking operational situations. OT&E bridges the hole between developmental testing and real-world deployment, offering essential knowledge that informs deployment selections, shapes operational ways, and influences future system upgrades. It performs an important function in making certain that deployed programs meet efficiency necessities and contribute successfully to mission success.

  • Actual-world situation simulation:

    OT&E employs real looking eventualities to guage system efficiency below situations mirroring precise operational environments. These eventualities might embody simulated fight engagements, adversarial climate situations, and complicated mission profiles. As an example, evaluating a brand new fighter plane’s capacity to have interaction a number of targets in a contested airspace offers crucial insights into its operational effectiveness. This real looking evaluation is essential for figuring out potential limitations, refining ways, and making certain fight readiness.

  • Information-driven evaluation:

    OT&E depends on rigorous knowledge assortment and evaluation to objectively assess system efficiency. Information gathered throughout operational checks are analyzed to guage key parameters comparable to system reliability, maintainability, and total effectiveness. This data-driven strategy offers priceless insights into potential areas for enchancment, informing future upgrades and making certain optimum efficiency in real-world operations. For instance, analyzing upkeep knowledge throughout OT&E may reveal sudden part failures, prompting design modifications or revised upkeep procedures.

  • Interoperability evaluation:

    OT&E evaluates the power of latest programs to combine seamlessly with present platforms and operational infrastructure. This evaluation is essential for making certain efficient communication, knowledge sharing, and coordinated operations inside a fancy battlespace. For instance, testing the interoperability of a brand new unmanned aerial system with present command and management networks is crucial for its profitable integration into operational workflows. This give attention to interoperability maximizes the effectiveness of deployed programs and ensures seamless coordination throughout a number of platforms.

  • Affect on future growth:

    Information and insights generated via OT&E immediately affect future system growth and upgrades. Figuring out limitations and areas for enchancment throughout operational testing informs design modifications, enhances system reliability, and optimizes efficiency for future iterations. As an example, if OT&E reveals vulnerabilities in an plane’s digital warfare programs, this info guides future growth efforts to reinforce its survivability in contested environments. This iterative technique of testing and refinement ensures that deployed programs stay efficient and adaptable within the face of evolving threats.

The fortieth Flight Check Squadron’s dedication to rigorous OT&E underscores its dedication to delivering efficient and dependable airpower capabilities. By subjecting new programs to real looking operational eventualities and analyzing efficiency knowledge, the squadron offers essential insights that form acquisition selections, affect operational ways, and information future growth efforts. This complete strategy ensures that deployed programs meet the calls for of recent warfare and contribute decisively to mission success, strengthening nationwide safety and advancing the state-of-the-art in aerospace expertise. The evolving complexity of recent warfare and speedy technological developments necessitate steady enchancment and adaptation in OT&E methodologies, making certain the fortieth stays on the forefront of evaluating next-generation airpower capabilities.

5. Air Pressure Materiel Command

The fortieth Flight Check Squadron operates below the umbrella of the Air Pressure Materiel Command (AFMC). This organizational relationship is essential for translating take a look at outcomes into actionable enhancements and acquisitions for the broader Air Pressure. AFMC’s give attention to buying, growing, and sustaining weapon programs aligns immediately with the fortieth’s mission of evaluating plane efficiency and capabilities. This connection ensures a direct pathway for incorporating classes discovered throughout flight testing into future plane design and acquisition methods. As an example, knowledge collected by the fortieth on the effectiveness of a brand new digital warfare system immediately informs AFMC’s selections concerning its procurement and integration throughout the Air Pressure fleet. This streamlined course of optimizes useful resource allocation and ensures speedy adoption of efficient applied sciences.

AFMC’s oversight offers the fortieth with important sources, together with funding, personnel, and entry to superior testing services. This help permits the squadron to conduct complete evaluations of complicated plane programs, contributing crucial knowledge to tell AFMC’s acquisition selections. For instance, AFMC’s funding in refined simulation capabilities permits the fortieth to guage plane efficiency below a variety of operational eventualities, maximizing the worth of every flight take a look at. This collaborative relationship ensures that the Air Pressure invests in programs that meet operational necessities and contribute successfully to nationwide safety aims. Moreover, AFMC leverages the fortieth’s experience to form future necessities for plane and related programs, making certain alignment between operational wants and technological developments.

In abstract, the fortieth Flight Check Squadron’s place inside AFMC is crucial for bridging the hole between testing and acquisition. This organizational hyperlink ensures that priceless knowledge collected throughout flight checks immediately informs selections concerning future plane growth and procurement. The collaboration between the fortieth and AFMC maximizes the influence of flight testing, making certain environment friendly useful resource allocation, speedy adoption of efficient applied sciences, and the event of airpower capabilities that meet the evolving calls for of nationwide safety. This built-in strategy strengthens the Air Pressure’s capacity to take care of technological superiority and adapt to rising threats in a fancy international panorama. The evolving nature of warfare and speedy technological developments necessitate steady adaptation and strengthen the collaboration between the fortieth and AFMC, making certain efficient integration of cutting-edge applied sciences into the way forward for airpower.

6. Edwards Air Pressure Base

Edwards Air Pressure Base serves because the operational dwelling of the fortieth Flight Check Squadron. This location is strategically vital because of the base’s distinctive traits, together with its huge airspace, specialised services, and historic affiliation with experimental flight testing. The expansive restricted airspace over Edwards offers a secure and managed surroundings for conducting complicated flight checks, minimizing dangers and maximizing knowledge assortment alternatives. Specialised services just like the high-speed runway and superior instrumentation infrastructure additional improve the squadrons capacity to guage plane efficiency below demanding situations. This mix of things makes Edwards a great location for the fortieth to execute its mission of testing cutting-edge plane and programs. For instance, the bottom’s intensive runway system performed an important function within the testing of the House Shuttle program, highlighting its functionality to help demanding aerospace tasks. The 40ths presence at Edwards additionally advantages from the bases wealthy historical past of flight take a look at innovation and its focus of skilled personnel, fostering a collaborative surroundings conducive to pushing the boundaries of aerospace expertise.

The co-location of the fortieth Flight Check Squadron and Edwards Air Pressure Base fosters a synergistic relationship that amplifies the effectiveness of each entities. The bottom offers the mandatory infrastructure and sources to help complicated flight take a look at operations, whereas the squadrons steady testing actions contribute to the bottom’s ongoing growth and refinement of testing methodologies. This reciprocal relationship advantages each the squadron and the broader aerospace neighborhood. As an example, knowledge collected by the fortieth throughout flight checks at Edwards contributes to refining security protocols and optimizing runway design, benefiting all customers of the bottom. Moreover, the presence of a devoted flight take a look at squadron at Edwards attracts partnerships with trade and academia, making a hub of innovation that drives developments in aerospace expertise. This collaborative ecosystem ensures that Edwards stays on the forefront of flight take a look at operations and contributes considerably to the event of next-generation plane.

In conclusion, the strategic location of the fortieth Flight Check Squadron at Edwards Air Pressure Base is crucial for its mission success. The bottom’s distinctive traits, together with its expansive airspace and specialised services, present a great surroundings for conducting complicated flight checks. This co-location fosters a symbiotic relationship, the place the squadron’s operations contribute to the bottom’s ongoing growth, whereas the bottom offers the mandatory sources to help cutting-edge flight take a look at actions. Understanding this connection offers crucial context for appreciating the complexities of plane growth and the continued evolution of aerospace expertise. The continued developments in plane expertise and the growing complexity of operational necessities necessitate steady adaptation and funding within the capabilities of each the squadron and Edwards Air Pressure Base, making certain they continue to be important contributors to nationwide safety and the way forward for airpower.

7. Chopping-Edge Know-how

The fortieth Flight Check Squadron performs an important function in evaluating cutting-edge aerospace applied sciences. This entails assessing novel plane designs, propulsion programs, sensor applied sciences, and weapon programs below rigorous testing situations. The squadron’s give attention to rising applied sciences ensures that the Air Pressure stays on the forefront of airpower capabilities. This connection between the squadron and cutting-edge expertise is crucial for sustaining a technological benefit in a quickly evolving safety panorama. For instance, the squadron’s involvement in testing hypersonic flight automobiles immediately contributes to the event of this doubtlessly game-changing expertise. The analysis of superior stealth coatings, directed vitality weapons, and autonomous programs additional exemplifies the squadron’s dedication to assessing and integrating cutting-edge developments.

The squadron’s engagement with cutting-edge expertise extends past mere analysis. Information and insights gathered throughout testing inform future analysis and growth efforts, shaping the trajectory of aerospace innovation. This iterative technique of testing, evaluation, and refinement accelerates the event and deployment of crucial applied sciences. As an example, knowledge collected through the testing of superior sensor programs can inform the event of more practical countermeasures towards evolving threats. Moreover, the squadron’s work with cutting-edge applied sciences fosters collaboration between the Air Pressure, trade companions, and analysis establishments, making a synergistic surroundings that drives innovation and accelerates the transition of latest applied sciences from the laboratory to the operational surroundings. This collaborative strategy maximizes the effectiveness of analysis and growth investments and ensures speedy adoption of transformative capabilities.

In conclusion, the fortieth Flight Check Squadron serves as a crucial hyperlink between cutting-edge expertise and operational airpower. The squadron’s rigorous testing and analysis of rising applied sciences be certain that the Air Pressure maintains a technological benefit in an more and more complicated international safety surroundings. This connection drives innovation, shapes future growth efforts, and accelerates the mixing of transformative capabilities. The challenges inherent in testing and evaluating cutting-edge applied sciences necessitate steady adaptation and funding within the squadron’s capabilities, making certain its continued contribution to nationwide safety and the development of aerospace expertise. Understanding this connection is essential for appreciating the dynamic nature of airpower growth and the very important function of flight testing in shaping the way forward for aerospace.

8. Future Airpower Improvement

Future airpower growth depends closely on rigorous testing and analysis, a task fulfilled by organizations just like the fortieth Flight Check Squadron. The squadron’s work offers crucial knowledge and insights that form the trajectory of airpower developments, influencing plane design, operational ways, and the mixing of rising applied sciences. Understanding this connection is crucial for anticipating the way forward for air fight and the evolving function of airpower in nationwide safety.

  • Subsequent-Technology Plane Design

    Information collected throughout flight checks informs the design of future plane, influencing elements like aerodynamic efficiency, payload capability, and sensor integration. As an example, testing the effectiveness of latest wing designs or propulsion programs on the fortieth immediately influences the design specs of next-generation fighters and bombers. This iterative technique of testing and refinement ensures that future plane are optimized for rising threats and operational necessities.

  • Superior Weapons Techniques Integration

    The squadron performs an important function in evaluating the mixing of latest weapons programs onto present and future plane platforms. Testing the compatibility, effectiveness, and security of superior missiles, directed vitality weapons, and different applied sciences below real looking situations ensures their profitable deployment and operational effectiveness. This course of is crucial for sustaining a technological benefit and making certain air superiority in future conflicts.

  • Autonomous Techniques Improvement

    The growing use of autonomous programs in airpower necessitates rigorous testing and analysis. The fortieth Flight Check Squadron performs a key function in assessing the efficiency, reliability, and security of unmanned aerial automobiles (UAVs) and different autonomous platforms below numerous operational eventualities. This work informs the event of autonomous programs that may function successfully alongside manned plane, enhancing situational consciousness, increasing operational attain, and lowering dangers to personnel.

  • Hypersonic Flight Development

    The event of hypersonic flight expertise represents a paradigm shift in airpower capabilities. Organizations just like the fortieth are important for conducting the complicated flight checks required to guage the efficiency, maneuverability, and survivability of hypersonic automobiles. Information collected throughout these checks immediately influences the design and growth of future hypersonic weapons and platforms, doubtlessly revolutionizing air fight and strategic deterrence.

These sides show the integral function of flight take a look at organizations just like the fortieth Flight Check Squadron in shaping future airpower growth. Their work ensures that technological developments are translated into operationally efficient capabilities, sustaining a decisive benefit in an more and more complicated and contested airspace. The continual evolution of expertise and the emergence of latest threats necessitate ongoing adaptation and funding within the capabilities of flight take a look at organizations, guaranteeing their continued contribution to nationwide safety and the way forward for airpower.

Ceaselessly Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries concerning the specialised subject of flight testing and the function of devoted models just like the fortieth Flight Check Squadron.

Query 1: What distinguishes a flight take a look at squadron from different models inside the Air Pressure?

Flight take a look at squadrons specialize within the rigorous analysis of latest and modified plane and their related programs, not like operational models that concentrate on deploying present airpower capabilities. This specialised function requires distinctive experience in experimental flight operations, knowledge evaluation, and engineering.

Query 2: How does the work of a flight take a look at squadron influence nationwide safety?

Flight take a look at squadrons immediately contribute to nationwide safety by making certain the effectiveness and security of deployed plane. Rigorous testing validates plane efficiency, identifies potential vulnerabilities, and informs the event of superior airpower capabilities important for sustaining a technological benefit.

Query 3: What sorts of plane are sometimes examined by a flight take a look at squadron?

Flight take a look at squadrons consider a variety of plane, together with experimental prototypes (just like the historic X-planes), modified variations of present plane, and next-generation platforms incorporating cutting-edge applied sciences comparable to unmanned aerial programs (UAS) and hypersonic automobiles.

Query 4: What’s the typical profession path for personnel assigned to a flight take a look at squadron?

Personnel assigned to flight take a look at squadrons usually possess specialised abilities in engineering, take a look at piloting, knowledge evaluation, and upkeep. Profession paths inside these squadrons can result in superior technical roles, management positions inside the take a look at neighborhood, or broader roles inside the Air Pressure associated to acquisition and program administration.

Query 5: How does a flight take a look at squadron contribute to the broader aerospace trade?

Information and classes discovered throughout flight testing inform trade finest practices, affect plane design requirements, and contribute to developments in aerospace applied sciences. The collaborative nature of many take a look at packages usually entails partnerships between navy flight take a look at organizations and civilian aerospace firms, fostering innovation and accelerating technological progress.

Query 6: What are the long-term implications of the work performed by flight take a look at squadrons?

The work of flight take a look at squadrons shapes the way forward for airpower by influencing the event of next-generation plane, superior weapons programs, and autonomous applied sciences. Their contributions lengthen past instant operational wants, laying the muse for long-term developments in aerospace capabilities and nationwide safety technique.

Understanding these features of flight testing offers essential context for appreciating the complicated and very important function these specialised models play in sustaining and advancing airpower capabilities. The continual evolution of aerospace expertise necessitates ongoing adaptation and innovation inside the flight take a look at neighborhood to satisfy the challenges and alternatives of the long run.

Additional exploration of particular take a look at packages and technological developments can present a deeper understanding of the contributions made by organizations devoted to pushing the boundaries of flight.

Ideas for Understanding Navy Flight Check

Gaining deeper insights into the complexities of navy flight take a look at requires understanding key features of the method. The next ideas present a framework for appreciating the challenges and significance of this crucial subject.

Tip 1: Deal with the Information: Flight testing is essentially a data-driven endeavor. Each take a look at is designed to gather particular knowledge factors associated to plane efficiency, programs operation, and security margins. Specializing in how knowledge is collected, analyzed, and utilized offers essential insights into the general course of.

Tip 2: Think about the Operational Context: Flight checks should not performed in isolation. Every take a look at is designed to guage how an plane will carry out below real looking operational situations, together with fight eventualities, adversarial climate, and complicated mission profiles. Understanding the operational context of a take a look at is crucial for deciphering its outcomes.

Tip 3: Admire the Iterative Nature of Testing: Flight testing is an iterative course of. Preliminary checks usually reveal areas for enchancment, resulting in design modifications, software program updates, and additional testing. This steady cycle of testing and refinement is crucial for optimizing plane efficiency and making certain operational effectiveness.

Tip 4: Acknowledge the Human Ingredient: Extremely expert take a look at pilots, engineers, and upkeep personnel are crucial to the success of flight take a look at packages. Their experience, mixed with superior instrumentation and knowledge evaluation methods, ensures the protection and effectiveness of the testing course of.

Tip 5: Perceive the Connection to Acquisition: Flight take a look at knowledge immediately informs acquisition selections. Efficiency knowledge, reliability assessments, and operational evaluations affect which plane and programs are chosen for deployment, making certain that investments align with operational wants and strategic aims.

Tip 6: Discover the Technological Developments: Flight take a look at packages usually contain evaluating cutting-edge applied sciences, comparable to superior sensors, stealth coatings, and autonomous programs. Exploring these technological developments offers insights into the way forward for airpower and the evolving nature of aerial warfare.

Tip 7: Think about the Lengthy-Time period Implications: Flight testing contributes to long-term developments in aerospace expertise. Information and classes discovered throughout testing affect the design of future plane, the event of latest operational ideas, and the mixing of rising applied sciences, shaping the way forward for airpower.

By contemplating the following pointers, one good points a deeper appreciation for the complexities and significance of navy flight testing. This understanding offers a basis for knowledgeable discussions concerning the way forward for airpower and the crucial function of rigorous testing in making certain its effectiveness and security.

This exploration of key features of flight testing offers a foundation for a extra complete understanding of the subject, resulting in knowledgeable conclusions concerning the way forward for airpower growth and the challenges inherent in pushing the boundaries of aerospace expertise.

Conclusion

This exploration has highlighted the multifaceted function of the fortieth Flight Check Squadron inside the broader context of aerospace growth and nationwide safety. From evaluating cutting-edge applied sciences to informing acquisition selections, the squadron’s rigorous testing and evaluation contribute considerably to the effectiveness and security of airpower capabilities. Its shut relationship with the Air Pressure Materiel Command and its strategic location at Edwards Air Pressure Base additional amplify its influence on the way forward for airpower. The examination of experimental plane testing, programs analysis, efficiency knowledge evaluation, and operational take a look at and analysis underscores the squadron’s dedication to making sure that deployed programs meet the demanding necessities of recent warfare.

The continual evolution of aerospace expertise necessitates ongoing adaptation and innovation inside organizations devoted to flight testing. The challenges inherent in evaluating more and more complicated programs and integrating rising applied sciences require sustained funding in experience and infrastructure. A deeper understanding of those challenges and the crucial function performed by organizations just like the fortieth Flight Check Squadron is crucial for knowledgeable discussions concerning the way forward for airpower and its contribution to nationwide safety. Continued exploration and engagement with these matters stay essential for making certain the efficient growth and deployment of airpower capabilities in an more and more complicated international panorama.