Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 199 (FIPS 199) provides a framework for categorizing information and information systems based on the potential impact of a breach. The categorization directly informs the security controls required to protect that information. It defines impact levels as Low, Moderate, or High across three security objectives: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. An example application involves assessing the potential harm to an organization and its stakeholders should sensitive data, such as personally identifiable information (PII), be compromised.
The importance of this categorization lies in its foundational role in risk management. By understanding the potential impact, organizations can prioritize security efforts and allocate resources effectively. This impact assessment aids in compliance with regulations, such as those pertaining to data privacy and protection, and it supports informed decision-making regarding security investments. Historically, the need for such a standardized approach arose from a growing awareness of cybersecurity threats and the increasing reliance on information systems across all sectors.
